Mycoplasma (class Mollicutes) is the smallest free-living organisms capable of self-replicating and devoid of a cell wall. It can be as small as 0.1-0.3 μm in diameter, and is able to pass through 0.2 μm filters which are commonly used for the sterile filtration of liquids. Mycoplasma affects cell function, growth, metabolism, morphology, attachment, and membrane properties, contributes to virus propagation in the cell culture, and induces chromosomal abnormalities and DNA damage, as well as cytopathic effects including plaque formation.
The absence of a rigid cell wall makes mycoplasmas rug resistance to commonly used antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis, commonly employed for the prevention of bacterial contamination in cell culture. Mycoplasma species have adapted over time to live as independent bacteria or parasitize the host and have been one of the most widespread contaminants in the biopharmaceutical industry affecting the product safety. Regulatory bodies and many International Organization for Standardization standards require that cell cultures used for toxicological analysis, diagnostic kits and therapeutic agents must be mycoplasma-free. Thus, it is critical to detect and remove mycoplasma from biologics produced progress and manufacturing facilities.
As a traditional assay, culture in selective media is usually considered as the ‘gold standard’ for mycoplasma detection by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), European Pharmacopeia (EP), Japanese Pharmacopeia (JP) and the United States Food and Drug Administration. For this method, the sample is inoculated into different media types and incubated in different environmental conditions (aerobic and anaerobic). It takes about 5 weeks to perform this assay and obtain an accurate result of contaminants.
Compare with culture in agar and broth, DNA staining assay enables the detection of non-culturable mycoplasma strains. In this method, sample is stained with a DNA dye, the mycoplasma is identified by microscopy observation.
Nucleic acid testing employing PCR are widely used for mycoplasma testing in terms of analytical sensitivity, simplicity and turnaround time. In this method, DNA in samples is extracted for PCR with mycoplasma specific primers. PCR testing can detect a broad range of mycoplasma species, including non-culturable strains, in a high-throughput screening manner.
The following organisms are suitable as test organisms:
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